Mental health and wellbeing is a growing topic of conversation among young people today. With these conversations come many questions, and so we started Ask the Therapist: an ongoing series in which expert psychologists answer common questions on different themes.
It is a chance to understand yourself better and learn more about the many sides of mental health. In this edition, we answer some commonly asked questions about adult ADHD.
Adult ADHD: common questions answered
Is there a cure for adult ADHD? Can ADHD be treated in adults?
While ADHD does not have a cure, effective treatment and management strategies can significantly improve quality of life for people with ADHD. Treatment options for adults may include medication, psychotherapy and practical strategies to improve daily functioning.
With the right support and interventions, people with ADHD can lead fulfilling lives.
How is adult ADHD diagnosed?
Diagnosis usually involves a comprehensive assessment by a mental health professional, including a review of symptoms, medical history and sometimes psychological testing.
What causes ADHD in adults?
Similar factors cause ADHD at all ages. Genetics play a big role, so having a family history of ADHD increases the risk. Differences in brain structure and function, especially in areas that control attention and impulse control, also contribute.
Environmental stressors and prenatal factors, such as being born prematurely, having a low birth weight, or exposure to tobacco or alcohol during pregnancy, can also play a part. Problems with brain development and imbalances in neurotransmitters such as dopamine and norepinephrine are also linked to ADHD.
Can ADHD be managed without medication?
Yes. While medication is often part of the treatment plan, behavioural interventions, therapy and lifestyle changes can also be effective in managing ADHD symptoms.
Can ADHD develop in adulthood if I did not have symptoms as a child?
ADHD is a neurodevelopmental disorder, which means it starts in childhood, but some people only become aware of their symptoms in adulthood. While many are diagnosed as children, some may not show noticeable symptoms until later in life because of factors such as changes in brain chemistry, increased demands and stressors, or greater awareness and understanding of ADHD.
In some cases, people manage their symptoms well during childhood, but the challenges of adulthood, such as managing responsibilities, relationships and career demands, make ADHD traits more noticeable.
How is ADHD different from depression, anxiety, bipolar disorder and BPD?
ADHD shares some features with major depression, generalised anxiety, borderline personality disorder and bipolar disorder. Here is how each one differs from ADHD, and what they have in common.
Major depressive disorder
- Distinguishing features: enduring dysphoric (low) mood or anhedonia, sleep and appetite disturbances
- Shared with ADHD: poor concentration, attention and memory; difficulty completing tasks
Generalised anxiety disorder
- Distinguishing features: exaggerated apprehension and worry; physical symptoms of anxiety (e.g. syncope, insomnia)
- Shared with ADHD: fidgetiness, difficulty concentrating
Borderline personality disorder
- Distinguishing features: repeated self-injury or suicidal behaviour; not recognising the effects of their behaviour on themselves and others
- Shared with ADHD: impulsivity, affective lability (rapidly shifting emotions), interpersonal difficulties
Bipolar disorder
- Distinguishing features: enduring dysphoric (low) and euphoric (high) moods, insomnia, delusions
- Shared with ADHD: hyperactivity, difficulty maintaining attention and focus, mood swings
How to improve organisation and time management with ADHD
- Use a planner or digital calendar: schedule tasks, appointments and deadlines, and set reminders and alarms for upcoming events or tasks.
- Break down tasks: divide larger tasks into smaller, more manageable steps. This makes it easier to focus and reduces feelings of overwhelm.
- Create a routine: a daily routine gives you structure and consistency, helping you stay on track with tasks and deadlines. Include specific time blocks for work, breaks, meals and other activities.
- Use visual reminders: sticky notes, colour-coded labels or visual charts can remind you of important tasks or deadlines. Place them where you will see them regularly.
- Set realistic goals: be realistic about what you can do in a given time and avoid overcommitting.
- Try time blocking: set aside specific blocks of time for different tasks or types of task. This minimises distractions and keeps you focused on one thing at a time.
- Eliminate distractions: identify and reduce distractions around you. Various tools and apps can block distracting websites or apps while you work.
Common myths about adult ADHD
Myth: ADHD is only a childhood disorder. Fact: Many people believe ADHD only affects children. In fact, it often continues into adulthood, and many people are diagnosed for the first time as adults.
Myth: ADHD is just an excuse for laziness or lack of discipline. Fact: People with ADHD often struggle with executive functions, such as organisation and time management, but this is not a lack of effort or willpower.
Myth: ADHD only affects hyperactive people. Fact: Hyperactivity is common in children with ADHD, but not everyone with ADHD is hyperactive. In adults, hyperactivity may show up as inner restlessness or difficulty staying seated.
Myth: Everyone has a little ADHD sometimes. Fact: Occasional forgetfulness or distractibility is normal, but ADHD is a chronic condition that significantly affects daily functioning. Its symptoms are more severe, persistent and pervasive.
Myth: ADHD medications are a “quick fix” or a form of substance abuse. Fact: ADHD medications, such as stimulants or non-stimulants, are prescribed after careful evaluation by healthcare professionals. Taken as prescribed, they can manage symptoms effectively without leading to addiction or substance abuse.
Myth: ADHD only affects academic performance. Fact: ADHD can affect many areas of life, including relationships, employment and overall wellbeing, not just studies.
Myth: ADHD is not a real medical condition. Fact: ADHD is a well-established, recognised neurodevelopmental disorder with a biological basis. Research shows differences in brain structure and function in people with ADHD compared with those without it.
Myth: ADHD is just an “excuse for bad behaviour”. Fact: Behavioural challenges in people with ADHD are often related to difficulties with impulse control and executive functions, not a deliberate choice to behave badly. Understanding is crucial to managing these challenges.
Myth: People with ADHD cannot focus at all. Fact: Distractibility is a common symptom, but people with ADHD can also hyperfocus on activities they find interesting. The challenge is often staying focused on less stimulating tasks.
Myth: ADHD is not a serious condition. Fact: ADHD can have a significant impact on a person’s life, affecting relationships, education and employment. It is important to recognise these challenges and offer appropriate support and understanding.
Getting support for adult ADHD
If you recognise yourself in these questions, an assessment and support from a professional can bring clarity and a plan that works for you. Trijog’s adult counselling team can help: book a session with a Trijog therapist or call the Trijog helpline on 1800 202 7180.
If you or someone you know is in immediate danger, call 112. For free, confidential support any time, call Tele-MANAS on 14416.
